Cyber Security Risk

An AIF handles large amounts of electronic information. It processes, stores and sends it. This includes the fund's transaction data. It also includes personally identifiable information about its investors, meaning details that show who they are. The fund's service providers hold such data too. Funds now use more technology and artificial intelligence. So funds and their service providers may face information security risks from cyber-attacks.

The workbook lists what these attacks look like. Attackers may steal or corrupt data kept online or in digital form. They may attack websites so that they stop serving users (denial-of-service). They may release confidential information without permission. Or they may disrupt the fund's operations.

The workbook is also honest about the limits of any defence. AIFs should have proper internal procedures and systems. But such procedures cannot provide absolute security. It may even be hard to spot the methods used to break in.

The baseline obligations. All securities market intermediaries are required to store their data within Indian geographical boundaries and to have adequate controls and checks as per CERT-In. Any incident must be reported to the sector regulator and the central government within 6 hours.

The framework. SEBI's Cyber Security and Cyber Resilience Framework (CSCRF) follows a graded approach, classifying regulated entities into five categories: Market Infrastructure Institutions, Qualified REs, Mid-size REs, Small-size REs and Self-certification REs. The category is decided at the beginning of the financial year on the previous year's data, and the entity stays in that category for the whole year whatever happens to the parameters; the reporting authority validates it at the time of compliance submission. All AIFs were required to comply by 31 August 2025.

Categorisation is done at Manager level, not fund level — and if the manager of an AIF also manages VCFs, the corpus of those VCF schemes is clubbed in:

Managers classified as self-certification REs with a client base of fewer than 100 are exempted from the mandatory Market-SOC (M-SOC) requirement — a shared security operations centre designed for smaller entities, cheaper than building a full SOC from scratch.

One more classification matters for the exam. Cyber security risk sits in the workbook's list of risks that are not measurable, alongside macro-economic, legal and regulatory, operational and country-specific risk. No ratio in Chapter 9 captures it.

Bhima Asset Managers runs three AIF schemes and one legacy VCF scheme:

At Rs 9,400 crore Bhima is a Small-size RE — more than Rs 3,000 crore, less than Rs 10,000 crore — for the whole financial year.

It closes a new scheme of Rs 700 crore in November, taking the clubbed corpus to Rs 10,100 crore. Nothing changes this year: the category was fixed at the start of the financial year and stays fixed. From the next financial year, Bhima is a Mid-size RE, with the heavier standards that follow.

In February, a service provider's network is compromised and investor KYC files for 310 investors are exposed.

Incident detected              Thursday, 09:40
Report to sector regulator and
  central government due by     Thursday, 15:40   (within 6 hours)

Bhima is not exempt from the M-SOC requirement either — that exemption needs both self-certification status and fewer than 100 clients, and Bhima fails both tests. A single scheme closing at Rs 700 crore, taken alone, looks like a commercial decision; through the CSCRF it is a compliance-category decision as well.

Chapter 9 section 9.5 lists cyber security risk among the types of risk in AIFs and gives the 6-hour reporting rule and the data localisation requirement; Chapter 11 section 11.11 carries the CSCRF, the five categories, the corpus thresholds, the manager-level clubbing and the 31 August 2025 date. Expect a threshold-to-category question and a 'within how many hours' question.

• Categorisation is at Manager level, clubbing every AIF and VCF scheme that manager runs — not per fund and not per scheme.
• Once fixed at the start of the financial year, the category holds for the year, however the corpus moves.
• For AIFs and VCFs the Qualified RE row is N/A. The top band that can apply is Mid-size, at Rs 10,000 crore and above.
• 6 hours is the incident reporting window, to the sector regulator and the central government; data must be stored inside India per CERT-In.
• The M-SOC exemption needs both conditions — self-certification RE status and a client base below 100.
• Cyber security risk is in the not-measurable list. No Chapter 9 metric quantifies it, which is why the answer is controls and a framework rather than a ratio.